Though in the Constitution it is written that Ukraine — the unitary state, and the top management and a thin layer of nationalist intelligency repeat that «west that east — at once», in the state processes which in politological practice it is accepted to name the latent separatism proceed.

And it is shown at all there where for it search — not in Severodonetsk the congress declared by the orange power in due time separative. Separatism always has the reason which conducts to branch of a part of the country (from an armour. separatio — branch). The most widespread reasons of separatism are ethnic and religious components. Separatism should possess the issued ideology that in Severodonetsk was not.

And here the latent separatism possessing listed signs, in Ukraine is available. And at all one.

Natural separatism: Crimean Tatar

The most developed, certainly, separatism is Crimean Tatar. At least because the Crimean Tatars are the separate generated ethnos which has been not connected with Ukraine by anything, except residing territory. Tatars speak in language of Turkic language group, profess Sunni Islam, live is closed enough. Family and friendly relations out of limits of the ethnos, as a rule, do not get. They remember times of existence of the independent state (the Crimean khanate) in which were exclusive ethnos. The Crimean Tatars actually are not integrated neither in cultural, nor in economic, into a social life of Ukraine outside of Crimea. If once the Crimean Tatars want to separate from Ukraine, this process for them will be almost painless.

Gravity factors of Crimean Tatar separatism are presence of the proclaimed and accurate program of actions, and also the uniform supervising body capable in the fullness of time to incur the leading part. Such program is «the Declaration on the national sovereignty of the Crimean Tatars», accepted on the second Kurultaj of the Crimean Tatar people 26 — on June, 30th, 1991. In it it is directly told: «Crimea is national territory of the Crimean Tatar people on which only it possesses the right to self-determination how it is stated in the international legal certificates recognised as the world community. Political, economic, spiritual and cultural revival of the Crimean Tatar people probably only in its sovereign national state. To this purpose will aspire the Crimean Tatar people, using all means provided by international law».

And the supervising body is and not registered by Ministry of Justice of Ukraine «the Crimean Tatar people» to which in case of counteraction of state structures to achievement of the purposes proclaimed by Kurultaj and the declaration, it is made «to achieve Medzhlis the recognition of the Crimean Tatar people of the status of the people combating for the national clearing».

One more factor promoting strengthening of Crimean Tatar separatism, Turkey which, unlike Ukraine, to the Crimean Tatars and ethnically, and is religious is closer. Besides in Turkey live about five millions Turk Crimean Tatar origins are those descendants who has left peninsula in the end of XVIII — the middle of XIX centuries. Where a guarantee of what Turkish «Crimeans» too will not want to return home ancestors? After all ancestors of many of them in due time also deported. And than after the Crimean war deportation of the Crimean Tatars differs from deportation of times of the Great Patriotic War? For the Crimean Tatars anything. And if it occurs, the unique barrier on a way of a possible exit of the Tatar Crimea from the Ukrainian state — present small number of the Crimean Tatar population will fail.

Separatism of not recognised: Ruthenian

The separatism second for the importance in Ukraine — Rutheniance. Now many blame Russia that fact that till 1917 it did not recognise Ukrainians as the separate nation, asserting that Malorussians is only subethnos. But precisely also Ukraine now behaves, refusing to recognise the nation Ruthenians. Ruthenians are called the part of politically active inhabitants of the Zakarpatye area. They proclaim themselves not subethnos (as it suggests to do by it Kiev), and the separate East slavic people, though also close to Ukrainians, but them not identical, with the original history, culture and language.

In a Soviet period many elements of the Ukrainian nationalist ideology were successfully entered and in an all-union context. Therefore after in 1945 Zakarpate (or Podkarpatsky Russia) has been attached to the USSR (the Zakarpatye area have attached to USSR, instead of to RSFSR as asked a part of local intelligency), there have been destroyed all rhe Ruthenians and Karpatorosskie organisations. The same has occurred and in those socialist countries where compactly lived Rythinians, — in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland. But after disintegration of the USSR many of the East slavic population of these countries during the national self-identification began to prefer concept «Ruthinan», instead of to concept «Ukrainian».

Similar succession of events in a certain measure is inspired also by the authorities of these countries which quite naturally do not wish to have at itself (in order to avoid separatism) compactly living in borderland Ukrainians. Naturally, it is better to them to deal not having statehood which not only that do not wish to join anybody, but can also to act with territorial claims to Ukraine. For example, with idea to attach Zakarpatye as an autonomy to Slovakia as it was during the premilitary period.

However, now all Ruthinians activity, as a rule, is reduced to aspiration to achieve a recognition behind herself of the rights of the separate nation. And in it Ruthinians have achieved the big successes. As their separate nation consider practically in all countries of Western Europe, and also in the USA, Australia, and since 2003 — and in Russia. In many of these countries there are Ruthinian schools, high schools, newspapers, radio stations and television channels.

Constrains distribution of Ruthinian separatism small number of Ruthinians: them all over the world 3-4 million, and also that the nation not recognised in Ukraine is not consolidated. The uniform powerful centre as «Medzhlis» at Tatars or «Ruh» at Ukrainians of the beginning of 90th years, at them is not present. But after all can and appear…

Separatizm «it is unique true»: Galician

As it is fantastic, but in Ukraine quite seriously there is a question about hidden Galician separatism. And matter is not that the Lvov regional council very easily declares the insubordination to not taken place «president» Yanukovych in 2004 and to taken place president Yanukovych in 2010. Too galicians easily go on rupture of relations with Kiev. And the reason all in the same latent separatism.

After all separatism it not only when one nation wishes to separate from another, but frequently and result of intranational contradictions. Here the Montenegro example is very indicative. Montenegrins considered themselves as the most Serbian Serbs, and the Serbs living in the Serbia, considered as defective Serbs — Serbians. Approximately same mood and at many Galicians, considering «the most Ukrainian» Ukrainians. Thus they suffer themselves as a part of the big Ukraine only provided that all country will be cut on them, Galician, to curves. The people sympathising a similar kind of separatism, have organisations of type of the West Ukrainian Brotherhood led by political scientist Oleg Havich. The ideas close to separative, are divided by some art workers, as for example writer Jury Andruhovich or artist Vladimir Kastyrko.

Ideas of separatists were constantly sounded in newspapers «Postup» and magazine «Ї». Last, by the way, has printed recently the dictionary of a Galician dialect, so-called «gvari», following to which girlfriend it is necessary to name agafka, clothes — ancug, the beggar — golodriga, a cat — karaba… Also it is not necessary to smile. It practically protolanguage which at small effort can turn to high-grade language. With the account of that still can translate it from Cyrillics to a Latin, similar «gvara» will resemble the Ukrainian language less, than, for example, Russian or Polish.

It is necessary to remember also that Greek-Catholics which are the majority Galicians, for all years of independence and have not made attempt to separate from influence of Vatican and to unify itself with other Ukraine within the limits of any of orthodox jurisdictions. So also the religious basis for separatism development in Galichina is available.

Until recently the deterrent Galicians separatism was that while and in humanitarian, and a foreign policy field of activity of Ukraine all occurred according to expectations Galicians. But already now ideas »were splashed out by»original» Independant of Galichina in weights. That confirm for example Jury Lutsenko who has recently declared on air of television channel» Ukraine «:« Was in Ternopol, was in Lvov, was in Lutsk, in equal. I saw conditions among people. I basically was in bookshops and talked to sellers. Such pressure and asking questions on, whether «it is time to divide the country already?», I never heard. It after all the truth. Misters, unless I am not right, what today start to say, what the country a wall on a wall cannot live further?»

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It is really cannot be. And if will be errors of the past that in front of Ukraine will proceed sooner or later there is a question, what scenario of divorce is better Czechoslovak or God forbid Yugoslavian.

While Ukraine remains the country perspective for any sepratizms as first of all separatism is an answer to improbable centralisation of the power in the country. And similar illness we suffer for a long time and in the chronic form.

Alexey IVANOV

www.odnako.org